slave families :: essays research papers

Aside from what the owners and overseers thought, slaves lived their own lives. They made friends, fell in love, played and prayed, sang, told stories, and engaged in the necessary chores of day to day living. These things as well as family and religion were also important to the slaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the South, the slave owners defined the living arrangements of slaves. Most slaves lived together in nuclear families with a mother, father, and children (Phillips 1929, 14). The stability of the slave family was often challenged due to various reasons: no state law recognized marriage among slaves, masters rather than parents had legal authority over slave children and the possibility of forced separation, through slave trade or sale were an issue of every slave family. These separations were especially frequent in the slave-exporting states of the upper South (Phillips 1929, 16). However, the most effective way of controlling slaves was the threat of sale. Slaves feared the reality of such a suggestion more than any form of punishment. They could endure the pain of whipping, but it was more difficult to suffer the grave psychological injuries that stemmed from the severance of familiar bonds (Phillips 1929, 44). Parents who were sold would worry about the welfare of children growing up without a mother and a father. Slave men and women heard terrifying stories from masters about the dangers of life in other states or in other towns where they might be sold. However, despite their severe status, families served as the slaves’ most basic refuge, the part of their private lives that owners could never fully control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religion also served as a refuge for slaves. African slaves usually remained close to their native religions, and many slave owners grew suspicious of those who looked to convert their slaves to Christianity, partly because they were scared that converted slaves would have to be freed. Christianity was increasingly central to the slaves’ cultural lives (Phillips 1929, 20). Many slaves converted during Christian revivals that swept through the South in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, where Baptists and Methodists denomination became most popular among slaves.

Corporate Law and Governance Essay

Question 1 Bryan, Sarah, Jason, Calvin and Rubini are interested in starting a travel agency specializing in tours around Sabah. They are keen in having an office at Damai, Kota Kinabalu and to hire a few staff. Their initial capital is RM30, 000 each. They are also planning to acquire MPV vans to cater to small groups of travelers. All of them agreed to be involved in the management of the business and to make decision together. However, they are seeking your advice as to which business structure would best serve their purpose.  Advise Bryan, Sarah, Jason, Calvin and Rubini. (15 marks) Question 2 If they have decided to form a private limited company for their business, what are the things they need to consider in incorporating a company? They would like to use Friendly Tours Sdn Bhd as the name of their business. Also, they agreed to appoint Rubini as the Managing Director of the company for 5 years. Advise them in the drafting of the Memorandum and Article of Association. (15 marks) Question 3 In May 2013, they would like to expand their business in exporting fresh food and vegetables to Sarawak.  They are not sure whether they are allowed to divert from their initial objective in travel agency business. They also would like to change their business name to Borneo Connection Sdn Bhd. In the recent meeting, Sarah was appointed as Managing Director of their business instead of Rubini as stated in the Article of Association. Advise Bryan, Sarah, Jason, Calvin and Rubini in the situations above. (15 marks) Question 1 There are three types of business structure which are sole proprietorship, artnership and company. Choosing the right type of business structure is one of the most important choices of all for which they have to make when starting a business. Not only will this decision has an impact on their liability, it will also affect their ability to raise capital, management and decision making rights. Since there are five people who are interested in starting new business, it is important for them to compare and choose whether a partnership or company will best suit to their purpose. According to Section 3(1) of Partnership Act 1961, a partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on business in common with a view of profit. In other words, they must continuously carry on travel agency business and all partners agreed to operate the travelling business together with the intention to make profits from it. As for company, it is an artificial legal person who is bound by law to manage company. It is a separate legal entity for which its legal identity separates itself from its members, officers, employees and others who form the company. In term of management and decision making, there are two types of partners in partnership: dormant partner who is not participate in management of the firm and managing partner who manages and makes all business decision of the firm, subject to any agreement requiring them to obtain consent of all other partners. According to the situation, all five of them are agreed to be involved in the management and to make decision together, so it is confirmed that they are all managing partners of the partnership and it is clearly set out in their written agreement. Hence, they are entitled to manage the partnership together and they have a wider pool of skills, knowledge and experiences collectively from all partners, so they have more inputs and suggestions to a better management of the business. In decision making wise, any major decision relating to any change which will affect the nature of the partnership must obtain the consent of all partners by carrying out formal meeting. For instance, type of business carried on, admission and removal of partners, and dissolution of partnership. Otherwise, they can freely make decision in their own or perhaps together by carrying out a less formal meeting, provided they are acted in good faith. As for a company, although only person who are appointed as director has the power to manage the company, members of the company have the definite voting rights in any major decision making. So, director has to comply with statutory requirements, which is to carry out general meetings by sending out notices of meeting to all members and must pass certain resolution from the members in order to obtain their consent and reach a decision. Yet, the procedures in decision making in a company compared to a partnership is more tedious and time-consuming, especially when facing crucial matters to be solved in short amount of time. So, it is better to form a partnership in terms of management and decision making. As mentioned previously, partnership is not a separate legal entity and hence, they are having unlimited liability. All partners are personally and jointly responsible for all debts and obligations of the firm. Not only it might end up with dissolution of the partnership, personal properties of partners can be seized to settle the business when the firm’s fund is insufficient to cover debts and obligations incurred during the ordinary course of the business. Unlike a company, it is a separate legal entity which separates itself from its members. As a result, only company is fully liable for debts and obligations incurred by itself while members’ liability is only limited to the unpaid amount of their shares capital, as established in case Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd. The creditors claimed that Salomon and his company were one and the same and they should be repaid in top priority. However, the court held that he is not liable for debts of the company due to separate legal entity. Hence, in the event of winding up, creditors cannot bring actions against members of the company to contribute more than their initial contribution in debts settlement and so, their personal assets are not affected. Therefore, it is better to form a company in term of personal liability. Apart from that, they are planning to acquire several MPV vans in order to support their business but apparently their initial capital contribution which is totaling RM150, 000 is merely sufficient to acquire one or two second-hand MPV van. So, in term of raising capital, partnership’s fund is raised through capital contribution by all partners. If they wish to raise more capital by admitting more partners into the business but prior to admission, they must dissolve the partnership and form a new partnership consisting old and new members again, and perhaps their previous written agreement must be re-wrote. However, continuous admission of new partner may not be the solution if they wish to expand the business as the amount of capital contribution from each partner may not collectively big enough to do so. As for company, a private limited may normally issue shares or debentures to family, friends or employees by way of a private arrangement while a public limited may invite public to subscribe for its shares or debentures. Also, a private limited may convert to public limited by passing special resolution to raise more capital. Despite the risk of being a new business and compilation of statutory procedures, the amount of capital raised may be relatively more than the amount of capital contributed by each partners in the partnership. Therefore, it is better to form a company in term of raising capital and business expansion. Furthermore, partnership is not a separate legal entity and it can be easily dissolved upon the death, retirement, or new admission of any partner. Hence, partnership’s duration of existence is uncertain and has a finite lifespan. Meanwhile, since company is a separate legal entity, it has the characteristic of perpetual succession. In other words, despite any changes occur in its membership, they should not worry about dissolution of the company as it is has an infinite lifespan and exists perpetually until it is legally wound up or deregistered. As such in case Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd, a husband and wife who were the only directors and members of the company were killed in an accident but the court held that the company is not affected by the accident and would continue to exist. Therefore, it is better to form a company in term of duration of existence. In conclusion, compared to a partnership, they are recommended to form a company in terms of limited liability of members, easier to raise more capital and its perpetual succession. Question 2 When they have chosen to form a private limited company, they should appoint a promoter to assist them in formation of company by performing secretarial services. Firstly, the promoter must conduct name search on the availability of proposed company’s name. Next, incorporation documents such as Memorandum of Association (hereinafter referred as MA), Articles of Association (hereinafter referred as AA), statutory declarations and any prescribed forms must be lodged with Registrar of Companies’ (hereinafter referred as ROC) within three months from the date of approval of the company’s name. Upon submission of documents and payment of fees, ROC will issue certificate of incorporation to them. In MA, they need to state the name clause, registered office, object clause, share capital clause and liability clause. While setting out name clause, they need to apply name search to ROC to check on the availability of their company’s intended name which is Friendly Tours Sdn Bhd. However, care must be taken where they should not register their company in a name that in opinion of ROC is undesirable or unaccepted by the Ministers, and also confusingly similar to the name of an existing company. In addition, they must include ‘Sendirian Berhad’ or the abbreviation ‘Sdn Bhd’ in their company’s name as it is a private limited company. Once they obtain bona fide approval from ROC, the name is reserved for three months from the date of approval. Next, they should set travel agency business which tours around Sabah as their company’s principal object clause and from thereafter it defines their company’s legal capacity when entering into any contract. Yet, in order to expand their company’s legal capacity and evade ultra vires act, they are advised to draft their object clause in widest possible terms by including many conceivable forms of activities, either dependent or independent to company’s principal object clause i. e. ravelling business, and each of it should be regarded as a separate and independent object in its own paragraph. Furthermore, they have to state the amount of company’s initial authorized share capital, which is RM150, 000 and its division into shares of a fixed amount, which can be 150,000 ordinary shares of RM1 per share. They can increase or decrease their authorized share capital in future by passing ordinary resolution. Also, their liability as a member in the company also must be stated, which is limited to the unpaid amount on their share capital, to protect their personal assets in the event of winding up. Other information such as company’s registered office which located at Damai, Kota Kinabalu, subscribers clause and association clause must also be stated in MA. As a private limited company, it is open for them to decide whether to adopt its own AA which meets company’s requirements, adopt Table A of Fourth Schedule as its AA or a combination of Table A articles with specific articles designed to meet company’s requirements. However, under Section 30(2) of Companies Act 1965, Table A will be AA of their company if they failed to register its articles upon registration. Any further alteration of AA is required to pass special resolution under some conditions. In drafting of AA, information such as appointment and removal of directors should be included in AA. To be appointed as a director, Rubini must be a natural person which is at least 18 years old and not being disqualified from being a director. Since they are forming a private limited company, they are allowed to name Rubini as Managing Director of the company and state a five years term of office in AA provided she is not 70 years old and above. Then, they should ensure that the company has at least two directors including Rubini who shall be named in AA as the first directors of the company and will hold office until the first Annual General Meeting where they will automatically retire (except Rubini in this situation). If they adopt Articles 64, 66 and 67 of Table A, retiring directors may be reappointed and the company may increase or decrease the number of directors in a general meeting by ordinary resolution. Furthermore, board of directors may have the power to appoint anyone as a director either to fill in casual vacancy or addition to existing board members if they adopt Articles 68 of Table A. Also, they have rights as members of the company to remove a director by ordinary resolution before his term of office expires. Yet, it is always subjected to company’s AA such as a provision is provided not to remove a director. They should also include the duties and powers of being a director, for example Rubini must greatly exercise her duties of care, skill and diligence. Other officers such as company secretary and auditor must be appointed at least one in the company and his legal position and duties must be clearly set out in company’s AA. In addition, they should include rights of various classes of shareholders in terms of company’s profitability, repayment of capital, transfer of shares, and decision making process. Detailed information regarding share capital should be clearly furnished such as methods of issuance of shares, transfer of shares, share buyback and reduction of capital. For debenture holders’ protection, they may need to state rules relating any fixed or floating charges attaching to specific properties as a security to creditors in case of unable to repay any loan or borrowing. Notices and procedures to meeting and winding up also must be stated in AA. Apart from that, they must insert restrictions as contained in Section 15(1) of Companies Act 1965 into MA and AA as a result of being a private limited company. For instance, it restricts its members’ rights to transfer shares. It also cannot have more than 50 members. The company, too, cannot raise capital by a way of offering shares and debentures to public or the public deposit money with the company. In a nutshell, they will receive certificate of incorporation upon successful registration of the company. Certificate of incorporation signifies that their company has been duly registered on date mentioned in it and restrictions in Section 15(1) of Companies Act 1965 will be effective. Besides, incorporation may bring forth effect that the company is a body corporate with the powers of an incorporated company, where it may sue or be sued in its own name, has a perpetual succession, may own property and the liability of its members may be limited. Question 3 During commencement of business, the company may wish to expand its business, change its name or alter provisions relating internal management. The company is permitted to do so by altering MA and AA by virtues of Section 21 and 31 of Companies Act 1965. MA is allowed to be altered to the extent and in the manner which is provided by the Act under Section 21 of Companies Act 1965. Meanwhile, Section 31 of Companies Act 1965 states that articles in AA may be altered or added by special resolution and become valid as if originally contained in the articles despite subjected to few limitations. The first issue arises in this question is whether the company is allowed to divert their initial objective in travel agency business and expand their business in exporting fresh food and vegetables. Upon incorporation, the legal capacity of the company is defined by object clause which has been stated in MA and it is not allowed to enter into any contract with third party, of which the purpose goes against its object. Otherwise, such act by the company is deemed to be an ultra vires act. Hence, the contract cannot be ratified by the company and considered as void contract which is shown in case Ashbury Railway v Riche. The company entered into a contract to build a railway station in Belgium for which the purpose went against their object clause of making, selling and hiring railway carriages. The court held that the contract was considered as void as it was beyond the legal capacity of the company to undertake it. So, in their situation, the company is not supposed to enter into any contract including exporting fresh food and vegetables because their legal capacity is only limited to travel agency business which tours around Sabah. However, Section 20 of Companies Act 1965 has provided that even an ultra vires contract is still valid if it has been executed despite company’s lack of capacity to enter into it. Meanwhile, if the contract has yet to be executed, minority shareholders may file for injunction to restrain company from performing the contract. Nevertheless, it is for the company’s best interest to evade the purpose of ultra vires doctrine by altering its object clause under Section 28 of Companies Act 1965. In case Bell House Ltd. v City Wall Properties Ltd. , defendant refused to pay procuration fee to company on the ground that the contract was made outside company’s object clause. However, there was such clause in MA which allowed company ‘to carry on business or any trade whatsoever in opinion of board of directors be advantageously carried on by the company in connection with or ancillary to any of the above business or the general business of the company’. Although there was no relationship with main object clause, the court held that it was within plaintiff’s legal capacity due to the bona fide opinion of board of directors. Therefore, based on their situation, the company can widen the scope of object clause by adding such clause into their MA in order for them to expand their business in exporting fresh food and vegetables. Apart from that, notices must be sent out to all members within 21 days of the general meeting and the company must pass a special resolution from members who attend and vote at the general meeting. Then, if there is no objection to the alteration within 21 days after passing of resolution, the company has to lodge with ROC within 14 days in order for the alteration to come in effective. The second issue arises is whether the company can alter its name in MA from Friendly Tours Sdn Bhd to Borneo Connection Sdn Bhd. Prior to alternation, the company must conduct name search and apply to ROC to check on availability of its proposed new name which is Borneo Connection Sdn Bhd. It must also ensure that the new name is not undesirable or unacceptable in the opinion of ROC or similar to the name of an existing company. Once it obtains approval from ROC, the new name will be automatically reserved for 3 months and the company must perform steps to change its name within the reservation period. Then, under Section 23(1) of Companies Act 1965, the company must provide notice of 21 days to all members of the general meeting and pass a special resolution from members who attend and vote at the general meeting. Upon that, ROC will only re-issue certificate of incorporation under the new name i. e. Borneo Connection Sdn Bhd and effects are taken into place. However, the company remains the same legal entity as the change of name will not affect any rights or liabilities of the company. In the third situation, Sarah was appointed as the Managing Director of the company instead of Rubini as stated in AA. Firstly, the first issue arises is regarding validity of naming Rubini as Managing Director in AA. Section 123 of Companies Act 1965 has stated that a person shall not be named as a director or proposed director in MA or AA or company’s prospectus but this section is not applicable to a private limited company. So, it is valid to name Rubini as the Managing Director. Assuming Rubini’s term of office is not stated in AA, she will hold office until the next Annual General Meeting where she will retire automatically and may be re-elected for next appointment. However, there is also a possibility where members of the company may remove Rubini as Managing Director by ordinary resolution before her term of office expires. Hence, Rubini should be given special notice of 28 days of the general meeting where she is proposed to be removed. Yet, based on the situation, she was not given any notice regarding removal of her position and Sarah was directly appointed as the Managing Director and therefore, it brought up straight to the next issue on whether Sarah is eligible to be appointed as Managing Director. The person must be a natural person who at least 18 years old and above, has consented to appointment and not being disqualified from being a director can be appointed as a director. So, it is assumed that Sarah has fulfilled the criterion and she can be appointed as the Managing Director. Upon successful appointment of Sarah as the Managing Director, it brought up the key issue on whether the contract between Rubini and the company is in breach. Section 33(1) of Companies Act 1965 has explained that MA and AA perate as a contract which only binding the company and its members, and members amongst themselves, but not between the company and outsiders. Generally, director is merely an officer but not a member of the company and so, he is considered as an outsider. Since he is not privy to the contracts, he cannot enforce any rights that MA or AA purport to confer upon them. However, Rubini has been validly named as the Managing Director of the company in AA and so, she has a valid contract between the company and herself. Therefore, she can enforce her rights against the company if the company fails to observe provisions in AA. This situation is supported by the case Southern Foundries v Shirlaw. Shirlaw sued for breach of contract because he was removed by Federation Foundries which altered the articles of Southern Foundries to give them power to remove Shirlaw before his ten years term of office was expired. The court held that an alteration of the articles was not amounted to a breach of contract but their act on altered articles was deemed to be and, therefore, Shirlaw was only entitled to damages. From the case, judge of the case has laid down the general principles where a company is not precluded from altering its articles so as to give itself to act upon altered articles, but acting on altered articles is construed as a breach of contract. Moreover, no injunction can be granted to prevent the adoption of the new articles but damages was the only remedy for breach of contract. In Rubini’s situation, there is a breach of contract as the company appointed Sarah as the Managing Director instead of her who has been stated in AA and it was assumed that the alteration of articles was in progress. Yet, she cannot re-enforce her appointment since she cannot prevent company from altering its AA as it is given the power to do so under Section 33(1) of Companies Act 1965. So, she can only obtain damages for wrongful dismissal. In conclusion, the company is allowed to expand its business scope and change its name to a new name as long as it passes special resolution. However, Rubini was only entitled to damages as a result of wrongful dismissal because she cannot restrain the company from performing alteration in articles.

How to Break Up With Someone

How to Break Up With Someone Free Online Research Papers Life is full of changes. One of the most emotional and hardest changes is realizing that you are ready to let go of relationship. It is not easy and there are so many delicate strings to limbo through as you try not to get tangled up or break anything. Most people want to make a nice, clean, easy break but fail to know how. Let’s be honest with ourselves, usually long before we let go we know that we want to let go, we just aren’t sure how to go about it. The longer we sit and ponder on it, the more tangled the relationship web has become. Friends and family may have become an embedded part of the relationship depending on how long it has gone on. A lot must be considered, such as our motives and are we personally truly ready for the emotional rollercoaster. After all we may find right after the deed is done that it should not have been done. To be honest unless both parties are ready to let go, there will always be hurt. The key is to minimize the pain. We know we are not quite ready to tell the other person of our intentions yet, but we need to tread lightly. Perhaps we should not make comments about being here forever or make any promises of love that we know we do not intend to keep. We need to keep it light and back away from some of the things we have been doing. It should be done with gentle care and respect. After all we are trying to preserve the friendship and cause as little pain as necessary. We might even consider hanging out with our own friends a little more, giving the other person a chance for independence. This may seem a little cruel but you want them to see that they don’t need to be around you all the time. You are setting up their cushion by giving them independence. They won’t feel so lost and alone if they have another shoulder to cry on. The most hurtful thing about losing the person you love is not knowing what to do with yourself. When you are use to being together all the time you don’ t know how to cope. So basically you are setting them up to survive, and dulling the pain. At first they may get upset that you want to hang out more with others, but encourage them to do the same. If they are honest with themselves and otherwise pretty sharp they will know at this point that the relationship is coming to its end, and may even call it quit themselves here. Whenever you are ready to let go, you need to figure out if you want to handle this on the phone, by letter, or in person. Do not break up after having sex, or spending a romantic day together. This needs to be done on its own day with no emotional events happening. You could try to pick a fight but the best way is to be straightforward about it. The hardest approach will be to do this in person because you will have to see the pain in their face and the tears. There really is no easy way to do this, except by perhaps letter. This is you call to pick which way suites you the best. Be honest with the person for why you want to break up. Don’t tell them you just need time or that you don’t know what you want when you do know. This only creates false hope that you will return. Tell them that you will always care for them but don’t say that you love them. The truth is that if you are leaving then you have more than likely fallen out of love. To say that you still love them is a lie and your actions later will only hurt more. They will end up hurting themselves by trying to figure out how can you love them and yet leave. Tell them that you really love the friendship that you have and are sorry for the pain. Explain that you truly never wanted to hurt them and that while you are sure this is what you want it makes it hard to let go. They will probably want to know if you are seeing anyone else or intend to. Let them know that right now you have no intentions of committing to anyone, but that does not mean you will not choose to be in a relations hip later (this part only if you know you fully intend to date soon). This sounds bad but it would hurt them more to see you out with someone after you said you didn’t want anyone. Allow them to cry and assure them that you still want to maintain a friendship. Tell them you understand if that would be too hard to do at this time, but you were willing to wait until they were ready. The most essential part is making sure you don’t make promises you don’t want to keep. If you are ok with hanging out still, do so, but it would probably be better to hang out in groups. If you end up spending too much time together you will give the false hope. Make sure you do not break up around any holidays, anniversaries or birthdays. If there are children involved please be careful to still give them the care they deserve. The most important thing to remember is patience. Because they will experience hurt, give them a chance to vent and tell you how they feel. Don’t get back together out of pity and don’t make excuses. You can still be available as friend to that person. Just tread lightly when expressing the way you feel about them. If you truly don’t want to hurt their feelings try and remain single for a while to give them time to adjust. This is really important if you have the same friendship circle. Don’t shy away from hanging out with the group as you normally did, and don’t be cold. Talk to them just like you use to because you don’t want to alienate them. You want to show them that you can still function as friends. It’s always going to be a hard thing to let go. No matter what we can not prevent the pain. The best we can do is hope to minimize the damage; damage control is all about what you say and how you say it. There is no need to be nasty about a split when you have a friendship base. Even if you don’t really care to speak to them again, be nice out of respect for the friendship that was. It is the most selfless thing we can do in this situation. Research Papers on How to Break Up With SomeonePersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanThe Hockey GameCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

How to Write a Business Report

How to Write a Business Report Writing Your Business Report What is a business report should be the most important question one needs to ask, because if you do not know this answer you would have already failed. Business reports are concise documents that will inform the reader about certain facts by summarizing and analyzing the details or various situations a business might find itself in. The business report is then used to make recommendations to whoever requested the report be drafted in the first place. Before you begin writing a business report it is important to find out who your audience is and what the fundamental purpose of the report is, this way you will ensure that you will meet the requirements expected. This is achieved by firstly reading your assignment carefully. It is helpful to jot down what you believe the audience would already know, so that you do not bore them; also it allows you a chance to see what key points need to be covered or described in detail. Next, you will need to determine your goal or the purpose of the business report, in short what your audience need to know once they have read your report. Keep in mind that you must respond to all the aspects asked of you when assigned the task of writing a business report. Typical reports include the following sections as a bare minimum: Terms of Reference, Procedure, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations, but this will also be depend on the report you are writing. The nice part about writing a business report is that you are allowed to use charts, graphs and short bulleted lists to allow quick communication of information that is important to your business report. Proofreading Your Report It is advisable to proof read your business report carefully, and if possible ask other co-workers to read through your business report and to make notes where they find things a bit unclear or a little too emotive. Take these notes under review before finalizing your business report as it is quite easy to include things that do not pertain to the information wanted by the audience. In the end you want to create a report that is easy to read, concise and factual which any busy business person would be able to glance at in a hurry and obtain the gist of the report presented. When writing a business report it is important to remember that you must write in an objective and non-emotive tone and above all else, what you write must be factual. Generally the use of verbs and adjectives are not found in a business report as the facts presented in the report are supposed to persuade the audience. If you are feeling that you are not up to the task at hand, place an order with us now and have our team of professional writers put together a concise business report for you today at a fully affordable price.

The Difference Between Hard and Soft Water

The Difference Between Hard and Soft Water Youve heard the terms hard water and soft water, but do you know what they mean? Is one type of water somehow better than the other? What type of water do you have? This article looks at the definitions of these terms and how they relate to water in everyday life. Hard Water vs Soft Water Hard water is any water containing an appreciable quantity of dissolved minerals. Soft water is treated water in which the only cation (positively charged ion) is sodium. The minerals in water give it a characteristic taste. Some natural mineral waters are highly sought for their flavor and the health benefits they may confer. Soft water, on the other hand, may taste salty and may not be suitable for drinking. If soft water tastes bad, then why might you use a water softener? The answer is that extremely hard water may shorten the life of plumbing and lessen the effectiveness of certain cleaning agents. When hard water is heated, the carbonates precipitate out of solution, forming scales in pipes and tea kettles. In addition to narrowing and potentially clogging the pipes, scales prevent efficient heat transfer, so a water heater with scales will have to use a lot of energy to give you hot water. Soap is less effective in hard water because it reacts to form the calcium or magnesium salt of the organic acid of the soap. These salts are insoluble and form grayish soap scum, but no cleansing lather. Detergents, on the other hand, lather in both hard and soft water. Calcium and magnesium salts of the detergents organic acids form, but these salts are soluble in water. How to Soften Water Hard water can be softened (have its minerals removed) by treating it with lime or by passing it over an ion exchange resin. The ion exchange resins are complex sodium salts. Water flows over the resin surface, dissolving the sodium. The calcium, magnesium and other cations precipitate onto the resin surface. Sodium goes into the water, but the other cations stay with the resin. Very hard water will end up tasting saltier than water that had fewer dissolved minerals. Most of the ions have been removed in soft water, but sodium and various anions (negatively charged ions) still remain. Water can be deionized by using a resin that replaces cations with hydrogen and anions with hydroxide. With this type of resin, the cations stick to the resin and the hydrogen and hydroxide that are released combine to form pure water.

Wireless networks technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless networks technology - Assignment Example Nowadays we can see the huge number of applications of the wireless networking in almost every walk of life and business. There are numerous applications of wireless networking. Through the wireless networking technology the office or home based working becomes easier. We have obtained new facilities regarding the domestic life and place of working in a business, for instance, now it has become easier to have the facility of the data and information sharing, printers, files, and Internet access among entire structure of the computers network. For instance someone has a printer at home and he wants to print a file through the laptop. In this scenario there is no need to link the laptop with the printer. Simply, he has to give the command of print and wirelessly linked printer will print the document (Swan). The fundamental advantage of the wireless technology is the elimination and mobility of unsightly cables. Here we have another main advantage in maintaining the network structure. We need to put less effort to establish and configure the Wireless networks. A more significant aspect of this Wireless networks technology is less costly establishment of network structure.In case of LAN the main disadvantage of the Wireless networks technology is about the limited coverage of the Wireless networks architecture in a working structure. Another main disadvantage of this technology is about the less feasible potential for the wireless radio technology interference in case of bad weather. S

Inclusive sport in UK society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inclusive sport in UK society - Essay Example With this, there are a lot of individuals who are prompted to involve and even develop themselves into several sporting events. There are statistical data which states that there are national or professional athletes who are not passionate with the sport that they are playing but do play because of money. In dealing with this, one might say that sporting in UK would mean career and employment opportunities for some. There are a lot of spectators who are saying that these kinds of occurrences really prompted people to go on several sports as a career. However, they also stated that some even though not that physically capable and deserving are pushing them to become a part of the national team or play on major commercial leagues. Such occurrences are well-documented. In further dealing with this, there are also irregularities and deprivation which are happening in different fields of sports in UK. These occurrences have something to do with racism, gender and sometimes social status between the rich and the poor and the disabled one. In dealing with this, a thinking that playing sport as a right of an individual is now replaced by the thought that the privileged ones are those who could enjoy a sporting event to the fullest as well as the perks and incentives encircling it should a certain individual be hired and open a career as a sportsman. In this case, several instances occurred in dealing with this issue, UNESCO has reported several instances involving racial discrimination even in professional football league in UK. There are a lot of accounted deprivations and discrimination of some individuals in sports played in UK in which they were not given equal opportunities with regards to playing time, exposures and the likes. In November 2000, unesco.org have reported that "Three days into England's new football season and Patrick Vieira, France's World Cup and Euro 2000 winning midfield player, is dismissed while playing for Arsenal against Liverpool, earning his second red card in as many matches. The British press is quick to speculate that he will quit the English game, invoking the player's own accusations that he has been subject to "racist" intimidation from players and officials alike. According to Vieira, he is being singled out for abuse not because he is black, but because he is French-a complaint previously made by expat footballers like Eric Cantona, Frank Leboeuf and Emmanuel Petit-Only months before, a defender playing for West Ham faced disciplinary charges after allegedly calling Vieira a "French prat" and joking that "he could smell the garlic" when the midfielder spat at him" Issues and controversies surrounding inclusive sport in UK society 3 Furthermore, UNESCO (2000) stressed that such incidents are just replication of history adding that "In England, the cradle of football hooliganism, the debate over racism in football has evolved. Overt racism among supporters and abuse directed at black players, both of which flourished in the 1970s and 1980s, have declined steeply in recent years in the face of vociferous public campaigning, though residual pre-judices against foreign players have evidently been unaffected. Elsewhere, in